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Index tracker funds are a popular form of investment that offer investors exposure to a wide variety of shares, often at a relatively low cost.
In the FAQs below, we explain how tracker funds work and why they are popular with investors.
Not all tracker funds are the same. Some are cheaper than others, while some are better than others at accurately replicating an index’s performance.
We’ve asked Laith Khalaf, head of investment analysis at stockbroker and investing platform AJ Bell, to identify five index trackers suitable for would-be retail investors. In other words, the likes of you and me.
Below are his selections (in alphabetical order) and the methodology behind his fund choices.
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Trade in a variety of assets including stocks and ETFs
eToro offers trading tools to help both novices and experts
£3.9 billion
(April 2022)
Open-ended investment company (OEIC)
MSCI World Index
£3.9 billion
(April 2022)
Open-ended investment company (OEIC)
MSCI World Index
0.12% per annum
Index tracking or ‘passive’ investing is all about low cost and simplicity. The Fidelity Index World fund offers both. A good option for investors who simply want exposure to global markets but don’t want to spend a lot of time picking a fund.
£10.4 billion
(April 2022)
Exchange traded fund (ETF)
FTSE 100
£10.4 billion
(April 2022)
Exchange traded fund (ETF)
FTSE 100
0.07%
Investors looking for an income thanks to a current yield of 3.5% (variable) and a low annual fund charge which barely eats into the payout.
£12.7 billion
(April 2022)
ETF
MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index
£12.7 billion
(April 2022)
ETF
MSCI Emerging Markets Investable Market Index
0.18%
Adventurous investors looking to branch out and gain exposure to global emerging markets from Brazil to Taiwan.
£13.2 Billion
(April 2022)
Exchange traded commodity (ETC)
LBMA Gold Price
£13.2 Billion
(April 2022)
Exchange traded commodity (ETC)
LBMA Gold Price
0.12%
A simple and cost-effective way for retail investors to gain exposure to gold.
£5.2 billion
(April 2022)
ETF
MSCI World SRI Select Reduced Fossil Fuel Index
£5.2 billion
(April 2022)
ETF
MSCI World SRI Select Reduced Fossil Fuel Index
0.2%
Investors looking for a low-cost means of gaining exposure to global stock markets featuring companies run in an ethical way.
When evaluating index-tracking investments, AJ Bell’s head of investment analysis, Laith Khalaf, highlights two main areas of consideration. “We consider whether a fund in question is effectively tracking its benchmark index and also look at the annual fund charge which plays such a crucial part in tracker fund returns”.
There are several reasons to invest in the stock market – from taking the fight to inflation and making your money work as hard as possible, to building a retirement nest egg.
Once you’ve decided to proceed, the next consideration is deciding exactly how you’re going to gain exposure to stocks and shares.
You could, for example, invest all your money in a single company. But this can be a high risk strategy – if that company went bust, you’d potentially lose a large proportion – if not all – of your money.
Investment funds such as index trackers enable you to diversify your investment among a large number of companies in which the fund invests on your behalf.
Tracker funds are sometimes described as ‘passive’ because they simply replicate an existing stock market index in the hope of matching the index’s performance. You can also consider ‘active’ funds, where the companies held by the fund are selected by the fund manager.
Active funds often focus on particular geographies or market sectors.
Index tracker funds – also known as ‘index’, ‘tracker’, or ‘passive’ funds – are a type of ‘pooled’ or ‘collective’ investment scheme.
A pooled arrangement aggregates sums of money from lots of different people into one large fund allowing it to be managed on their behalf by a professional investment management firm.
Index trackers aim to replicate the performance of a certain stock market index, such as the UK’s FTSE 100, or the S&P 500 in the US.
As an investor in a tracker fund, you can only (at best) expect to mimic the performance of a particular index. It’s important to remember that the money you invest in a tracker will, over time, follow the movements of an index – both down as well as up.
Index tracking is in contrast to so-called ‘actively managed’ funds run by professionals who pick specific stocks in order to beat an underlying index.
Index tracker funds come in a variety of guises. As well as those that track particular stock market indices, products may also focus solely on a specific industry or sector (such as technology or healthcare), countries, or particular investing styles (such as ESG).
Passive funds form a significant part of the global investment landscape. The reason for this is because statistics have shown that actively managed portfolios frequently fail to beat their benchmarks and often charge higher fees than passive funds.
According to research from AJ Bell, only a third of active equity funds managed to beat their passive alternatives in 2021. The company’s ‘Manager versus Machine’ report said that active outperformance last year was particularly sparse in the US, Global and Asia Pacific regions.
When you put money into an index tracker fund, the cash is used to invest in all the companies that make up a particular index. This provides the investors with a more diverse portfolio compared with buying, say, just a concentrated handful of stocks.
Index tracker funds aim to mirror a specific index as closely as possible and they try to do this in one of two ways.
The first method is by a process known as ‘full replication’, which essentially means buying all the components of a particular index. For example, in the case of a FTSE 100 tracker, a tracker fund will buy shares in all 100 companies within the FTSE 100 index in proportion to the size of each company as it appears within the index.
The second process is called ‘partial replication’. Rather than buy all the shares in an index, tracker funds in this camp invest in a representative sample of companies that feature on a particular index.
One way to weigh up the performance of a passive investment fund is to consider its tracking error. This reflects how much a tracker fund’s performance deviates from the index or other benchmark it’s meant to be tracking.
Tracking error is measured as a percentage, so a tracking error of 0% indicates perfect replication. A tracking error that is just the cost of the fund (see below) would reflect a passive investment that is doing its job exactly as it should.
Passive funds tend to be cheaper than their actively managed counterparts.
The reason for this is because, regardless of whether your index tracker relies on full or partial replication, the fund ought to cost less to administer overall than it would if it employed a team of active managers.
The tracker funds identified above feature charges ranging between 0.07% and 0.2%. A £1,000 investment in the latter, therefore, would cost £2 although, depending on where the fund was bought (see below) additional administrative/dealing charges may also apply.
In contrast, the fee for an actively managed fund might typically range between 0.5% and 1.5%.
You can buy direct from a fund provider, or purchase holdings via an online investing platform, trading app, or through a financial adviser.
There are two main types of tracker funds: exchange-traded funds (ETFs) – which are tradeable on the stock market – and open-ended investment companies (OEICs) – which aren’t.
ETFs are a form of passive, collective investment that tracks entire stock market indices, specific sectors, currencies or commodities. OEICs, meanwhile, embrace a wider range of pooled or collective funds, some of which are trackers.
Unlike OEICs, ETFs can be bought and sold in the same way as ordinary shares. Deciding between ETF or OEIC may depend on how much your broker charges for holding each type of product.
Exchange traded commodities (ETCs) are similar to ETFs, but these are investment vehicles designed to track the performance of an underlying commodity index, such as gold or oil.
Any kind of stock market-based investing incorporates a risk of some kind. An index fund that owns dozens, if not hundreds, of shares is better diversified than a portfolio that holds just a handful of companies.
In the example of a stock index fund, each company would have to fail before investors lost everything. That said, depending on its focus, an index fund could underperform and lose money for several years if, say, a sector or investment region fell out of favour.
Associate Editor at Forbes Advisor UK, Andrew Michael is a multiple award-winning financial journalist and editor with a special interest in investment and the stock market. His work has appeared in numerous titles including the Financial Times, The Times, the Mail on Sunday and Shares magazine. Find him on Twitter @moneyandmedia.